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She was swept away by the tsunami that flattened much of this fishing town and killed his wife, mother and two other young daughters. Once he finds the missing child, Mr. Watanabe said, he will leave this town and its painful memories for good.
“No one wants to build here again,” said Mr. Watanabe, 42, who spoke in short sentences punctuated by long sighs. “This place is just too scary.”
Two months after a huge earthquake and tsunami, devastated coastal communities like this one remain far from recovery and, with many working-age people moving away, they face the prospect that they could simply wither away and, ultimately, perhaps even disappear.
With neither homes nor jobs to lose, and fearing another tsunami from the continuing aftershocks, many residents have already left. Town officials now fear losing the bulk of working-age families, leaving this already graying town with an overwhelmingly elderly population that might lack the energy or the incentive to undertake a lengthy reconstruction.
And that poses another hurdle. Experts have said that it will be years before the rebuilding is complete and the number of jobs returns to anything like its former level — another reason, many experts and townspeople worry, for working-age residents to flee.
“Otsuchi must move quickly in order to survive,” said Seiichi Mori, a biologist at Gifu Keizai University who is helping draw up recovery plans.
As a stopgap measure, Otsuchi announced in late April that it planned to hire 270 townspeople to remove debris. But with a lengthy reconstruction ahead, many experts and townspeople fear an exodus of younger residents, who cannot wait years for a job.
Town officials say they are trying to draw up plans that will entice younger residents to stay. Most of the ideas are coming from Tokyo and call for grand schemes to move coastal towns to higher ground by constructing huge platforms or shearing off nearby mountaintops — the sorts of megaprojects that Japan may no longer be able to afford.
But town officials say they are overwhelmed by more immediate demands, like relocating the 2,247 residents who still sleep on the floors of school gymnasiums and other cramped refugee centers to longer-term temporary housing, or finding the 1,044 who remain missing in this town, which had 15,239 residents before the tsunami. So far, the bodies of 680 people have been found.
Just cleaning up the mounds of debris left by the waves, which towered as high as 50 feet and destroyed more than half of Otsuchi’s homes and buildings, will very likely take a year. The town’s administrative functions were also crippled by the waves, which gutted the town hall and killed the mayor and some 30 town employees.
“We are far from reconstruction,” said Masaaki Tobai, 66, the vice mayor, who stepped in to lead the town and who survived by scrambling to the town hall’s roof. “Medical services, administration, education, police, fire, retail stores, hotels, fishing cooperative, farming cooperative, industry, jobs — all are gone, all washed away.”
In other hard-hit areas, particularly around the region’s main city, Sendai, there are already signs of recovery, with the cleanup well under way and full bullet train service having resumed. But more remote communities like Otsuchi, on the rugged coast further north, are falling behind.
While the shortages of food and drinking water of the first desperate weeks are over, the town remains a flattened landscape of shattered homes and crumpled vehicles, where soldiers still pull a dozen bodies or so from the wreckage every day.
Restarting the local economy appears a distant prospect. This coastal area of rural Iwate Prefecture has long lagged behind the rest of Japan. The average annual income in Otsuchi is 1.7 million yen, around $21,000, about 60 percent of the national average. In this fishing port, most of the work was either on fishing boats that worked local oyster, scallop and seaweed farms or in canneries and seafood-processing plants along the wharfs. All were destroyed by the tsunami.
Last month, the town’s chamber of commerce surveyed local business owners. Only half said they definitely planned to rebuild their businesses in Otsuchi.
The chamber, however, was able to survey only 114 business owners, just a quarter of its membership before the tsunami. It is now based in a prefabricated hut on the sports field of a burned-out elementary school and is still trying to locate about 300 other members.
“We know we need to create jobs,” said Chieko Uchihama, an official at the chamber, “but how do you do that when you don’t even know who survived?”
Another immediate task is the grim search for the remains of the people still classified as missing in Otsuchi. On a recent afternoon, survivors combed through the wreckage in search of lost loved ones.
One of them was Mr. Watanabe.
He and his family were home when the wave suddenly swept into the living room, knocking him against the ceiling before he could claw his way up to the second floor of the house, which had begun to float away from its foundation. He managed to jump onto the passing roof of a concrete building, but other family members were not as lucky or strong.
He quit his job at the town’s still functioning garbage incinerator so he could come every day to look for his youngest daughter, Mikoto. He also wanted to find personal belongings, like the red backpack he had bought his oldest daughter, Hinata, 6, who had been excited about entering the first grade soon.
He said he would eventually move inland to find new work, and somehow start again.
“It’s too hard to stay here,” said Mr. Watanabe, who stared stoically at the wreckage of his house. “If I see where we used to shop on weekends, I will remember.”
Makiko Inoue contributed reporting.
This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:
Correction: May 16, 2011
An earlier version of this article misstated the occupation of Seiichi Mori, of Gifu Keizai University. He is a biologist, not an economist.
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